@article {868,
	title = {Automatic non-destructive video estimation of maturation levels in Fuji apple (Malus Malus pumila) fruit in orchard based on colour (Vis) and spectral (NIR) data},
	journal = {Biosystems Engineering},
	volume = {195},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {136{\textendash}151},
	abstract = {Non-destructive estimates information on the desired properties of fruit without damaging them. The objective of this work is to present an algorithm for the automatic and non-destructive estimation of four maturity stages (unripe, half-ripe, ripe, or overripe) of Fuji apples (Malus Malus pumila) using both colour and spectral data from fruit. In order to extract spectral and colour data to train a proposed system, 170 samples of Fuji apples were collected. Colour and spectral features were extracted using a CR-400 Chroma Meter colorimeter and a custom set up. The second component  of  colour space and near infrared (NIR) spectrum data in wavelength ranges of 535{\textendash}560 nm, 835{\textendash}855 nm, and 950{\textendash}975 nm, were used to train the proposed algorithm. A hybrid artificial neural network-simulated annealing algorithm (ANN-SA) was used for classification purposes. A total of 1000 iterations were conducted to evaluate the reliability of the classification process. Results demonstrated that after training the correction classification rate (CCR, accuracy) was, at the best state, 100\% (test set) using both colour and spectral data. The CCR of the four different classifiers were 93.27\%, 99.62\%, 98.55\%, and 99.59\%, for colour features, spectral data wavelength ranges of 535{\textendash}560 nm, 835{\textendash}855 nm, and 950{\textendash}975 nm, respectively, over the test set. These results suggest that the proposed method is capable of the non-destructive estimation of different maturity stages of Fuji apple with a remarkable accuracy, in particular within the 535{\textendash}560 nm wavelength range.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2020.04.015},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1537511020301148},
	author = {Pourdarbani, Razieh and Sabzi, Sajad and Kalantari, Davood and Karimzadeh, Rouhollah and Ilbeygi, Elham and J I Arribas}
}
@article {864,
	title = {A Computer Vision System Based on Majority-Voting Ensemble Neural Network for the Automatic Classification of Three Chickpea Varieties},
	journal = {Foods},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {113},
	abstract = {Since different varieties of crops have specific applications, it is therefore important to properly identify each cultivar, in order to avoid fake varieties being sold as genuine, i.e., fraud. Despite that properly trained human experts might accurately identify and classify crop varieties, computer vision systems are needed since conditions such as fatigue, reproducibility, and so on, can influence the expert{\textquoteright}s judgment and assessment. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume at the world-level and has several varieties. Three chickpea varieties with a rather similar visual appearance were studied here: Adel, Arman, and Azad chickpeas. The purpose of this paper is to present a computer vision system for the automatic classification of those chickpea varieties. First, segmentation was performed using an Hue Saturation Intensity (HSI) color space threshold. Next, color and textural (from the gray level co-occurrence matrix, GLCM) properties (features) were extracted from the chickpea sample images. Then, using the hybrid artificial neural network-cultural algorithm (ANN-CA), the sub-optimal combination of the five most effective properties (mean of the RGB color space components, mean of the HSI color space components, entropy of GLCM matrix at 90{\textdegree}, standard deviation of GLCM matrix at 0{\textdegree}, and mean third component in YCbCr color space) were selected as discriminant features. Finally, an ANN-PSO/ACO/HS majority voting (MV) ensemble methodology merging three different classifier outputs, namely the hybrid artificial neural network-particle swarm optimization (ANN-PSO), hybrid artificial neural network-ant colony optimization (ANN-ACO), and hybrid artificial neural network-harmonic search (ANN-HS), was used. Results showed that the ensemble ANN-PSO/ACO/HS-MV classifier approach reached an average classification accuracy of 99.10 {\textpm} 0.75\% over the test set, after averaging 1000 random iterations.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020113},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/2/113},
	author = {Pourdarbani, Razieh and Sabzi, Sajad and Kalantari, Davood and Hern{\'a}ndez-Hern{\'a}ndez, Jos{\'e} Luis and J I Arribas}
}
@article {865,
	title = {A Computer Vision System for the Automatic Classification of Five Varieties of Tree Leaf Images},
	journal = {Computers},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6},
	abstract = {A computer vision system for automatic recognition and classification of five varieties of plant leaves under controlled laboratory imaging conditions, comprising: 1{\textendash}Cydonia oblonga (quince), 2{\textendash}Eucalyptus camaldulensis dehn (river red gum), 3{\textendash}Malus pumila (apple), 4{\textendash}Pistacia atlantica (mt. Atlas mastic tree) and 5{\textendash}Prunus armeniaca (apricot), is proposed. 516 tree leaves images were taken and 285 features computed from each object including shape features, color features, texture features based on the gray level co-occurrence matrix, texture descriptors based on histogram and moment invariants. Seven discriminant features were selected and input for classification purposes using three classifiers: hybrid artificial neural network{\textendash}ant bee colony (ANN{\textendash}ABC), hybrid artificial neural network{\textendash}biogeography based optimization (ANN{\textendash}BBO) and Fisher linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Mean correct classification rates (CCR), resulted in 94.04\%, 89.23\%, and 93.99\%, for hybrid ANN{\textendash}ABC; hybrid ANN{\textendash}BBO; and LDA classifiers, respectively. Best classifier mean area under curve (AUC), mean sensitivity, and mean specificity, were computed for the five tree varieties under study, resulting in: 1{\textendash}Cydonia oblonga (quince) 0.991 (ANN{\textendash}ABC), 95.89\% (ANN{\textendash}ABC), 95.91\% (ANN{\textendash}ABC); 2{\textendash}Eucalyptus camaldulensis dehn (river red gum) 1.00 (LDA), 100\% (LDA), 100\% (LDA); 3{\textendash}Malus pumila (apple) 0.996 (LDA), 96.63\% (LDA), 94.99\% (LDA); 4{\textendash}Pistacia atlantica (mt. Atlas mastic tree) 0.979 (LDA), 91.71\% (LDA), 82.57\% (LDA); and 5{\textendash}Prunus armeniaca (apricot) 0.994 (LDA), 88.67\% (LDA), 94.65\% (LDA), respectively.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/computers9010006},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/9/1/6},
	author = {Sabzi, Sajad and Pourdarbani, Razieh and J I Arribas}
}
@article {869,
	title = {Non-destructive Estimation of Chlorophyll a Content in Red Delicious Apple Cultivar Based on Spectral and Color Data},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural Sciences},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {339{\textendash}348},
	abstract = {Non-destructive estimation of the chemical properties of fruit is an important goal of researchers in the food industry, since online operations, such as fruit packaging based on the amount of different chemical properties and determining different stages of handling, are done based on these estimations. In this study, chlorophyll a content in Red Delicious apple cultivar is predicted as a chemical property that is altered by apple ripening stage, using non-destructive spectral and color methods combined. Two artificial intelligence methods based on hybrid Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network - Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (ANN-ABC) and Partial least squares regression (PLSR) were used in order to obtain a non-destructive estimation of chlorophyll a content. In application of the PLSR method, various pre-processing algorithms were used. In order to statistically properly validate the hybrid ANN-ABC predictive method, 20 runs were performed. Results showed that the best regression coefficient of the PLSR method in predicting chlorophyll a content using spectral data alone was 0.918. At the same time, the average determination coefficient over 20 repetitions in hybrid ANN-ABC in the estimation of chlorophyll a content, using spectral data and color features were higher than 0.92{\textpm}0.040 and 0.89{\textpm}0.045, respectively, which to our knowledge is a remarkable non-intrusive estimation result.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.523574},
	url = {https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ankutbd/issue/56429/523574},
	author = {Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh and Sabzi, Sajad and Azadshahraki, Farzad and Karimzadeh, Rouhollah and Ilbeygi, Elham and J I Arribas}
}
@article {870,
	title = {Non-destructive visible and short-wave near-infrared spectroscopic data estimation of various physicochemical properties of Fuji apple (Malus pumila) fruits at different maturation stages},
	journal = {Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {104147},
	abstract = {measurement of physicochemical properties of fruits during maturation stages can help having proper fruit management. Spectroscopy data analyzing and processing is among the commonly used methods that enable non-destructive accurate property estimation. Non-destructive linear (partial least squares regression, PSLR) and non-linear (artificial neural network, ANN) regression estimation of different physicochemical properties including firmness, acidity (pH) and starch content of 160 Fuji (Malus pumila) apple fruit samples at various maturity stages using visible and short wave near infrared (VSWIR) spectroscopic data in wavelength range 400{\textendash}1000 nm is investigated with the following steps: (1) harvesting 160 Fuji apple samples at four different maturation levels; (2) extracting spectral data in wavelength range of 400{\textendash}1000 nm; extracting physicochemical properties of tissue firmness, acidity (pH) and starch content; (3) pre-processing the reflectance spectra from each sample; (4) selecting effective wavelength values for each chemical property; and (5) non-destructive estimation of tissue firmness, acidity (pH) and starch content using spectral data range 400{\textendash}1000 nm and spectral data based on effective wavelengths, by means of an ensemble average artificial neural network method. Results show that the neural ensemble reached similar results when using VSWIR spectral data content (wavelength range) and fixed effective selected NIR wavelengths. Correlation coefficients estimating tissue firmness, acidity (pH), and starch content were 0.800, 0.919, and 0.940 for VSWIR spectral data (linear PLS regression), 0.826, 0.947, and 0.969 for VSWIR spectral data (non-linear ANN), 0.827, 0.946, and 0.969 for fixed NIR effective wavelengths (non-linear ANN). Mean {\textpm} std. Regression coefficients for tissue firmness, acidity (pH), and starch content were 0.717 {\textpm} 0.113, 0.786 {\textpm} 0.131, and 0.941 {\textpm} 0.013 for Vis/NIR spectral data (linear PLS regression), 0.849 {\textpm} 0.017, 0.930 {\textpm} 0.017, and 0.967 {\textpm} 0.007 for Vis/NIR spectral data (non-linear ANN), 0.852 {\textpm} 0.016, 0.929 {\textpm} 0.015, and 0.966 {\textpm} 0.006 for fixed effective NIR wavelengths (non-linear ANN).},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2020.104147},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016974392030304X},
	author = {Pourdarbani, Razieh and Sabzi, Sajad and Kalantari, Davood and J I Arribas}
}
@article {866,
	title = {Weed Classification for Site-Specific Weed Management Using an Automated Stereo Computer-Vision Machine-Learning System in Rice Fields},
	journal = {Plants},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {559},
	abstract = {Site-specific weed management and selective application of herbicides as eco-friendly techniques are still challenging tasks to perform, especially for densely cultivated crops, such as rice. This study is aimed at developing a stereo vision system for distinguishing between rice plants and weeds and further discriminating two types of weeds in a rice field by using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and two metaheuristic algorithms. For this purpose, stereo videos were recorded across the rice field and different channels were extracted and decomposed into the constituent frames. Next, upon pre-processing and segmentation of the frames, green plants were extracted out of the background. For accurate discrimination of the rice and weeds, a total of 302 color, shape, and texture features were identified. Two metaheuristic algorithms, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the bee algorithm (BA), were used to optimize the neural network for selecting the most effective features and classifying different types of weeds, respectively. Comparing the proposed classification method with the K-nearest neighbors (KNN) classifier, it was found that the proposed ANN-BA classifier reached accuracies of 88.74\% and 87.96\% for right and left channels, respectively, over the test set. Taking into account either the arithmetic or the geometric means as the basis, the accuracies were increased up to 92.02\% and 90.7\%, respectively, over the test set. On the other hand, the KNN suffered from more cases of misclassification, as compared to the proposed ANN-BA classifier, generating an overall accuracy of 76.62\% and 85.59\% for the classification of the right and left channel data, respectively, and 85.84\% and 84.07\% for the arithmetic and geometric mean values, respectively.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050559},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/5/559},
	author = {Dadashzadeh, Mojtaba and Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh and Mesri-Gundoshmian, Tarahom and Sabzi, Sajad and Hern{\'a}ndez-Hern{\'a}ndez, Jose Luis and Hern{\'a}ndez-Hern{\'a}ndez, Mario and J I Arribas}
}
@article {867,
	title = {An automatic visible-range video weed detection, segmentation and classification prototype in potato field},
	journal = {Heliyon},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {e03685},
	abstract = {Weeds might be defined as destructive plants that grow and compete with agricultural crops in order to achieve water and nutrients. Uniform spray of herbicides is nowadays a common cause in crops poisoning, environment pollution and high cost of herbicide consumption. Site-specific spraying is a possible solution for the problems that occur with uniform spray in fields. For this reason, a machine vision prototype is proposed in this study based on video processing and meta-heuristic classifiers for online identification and classification of Marfona potato plant (Solanum tuberosum) and 4299 samples from five weed plant varieties: Malva neglecta (mallow), Portulaca oleracea (purslane), Chenopodium album L (lamb{\textquoteright}s quarters), Secale cereale L (rye) and Xanthium strumarium (coklebur). In order to properly train the machine vision system, various videos taken from two Marfona potato fields within a surface of six hectares are used. After extraction of texture features based on the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), color features, spectral descriptors of texture, moment invariants and shape features, six effective discriminant features were selected: the standard deviation of saturation (S) component in HSV color space, difference of first and seventh moment invariants, mean value of hue component (H) in HSI color space, area to length ratio, average blue-difference chrominance (Cb) component in YCbCr color space and standard deviation of in-phase (I) component in YIQ color space. Classification results show a high accuracy of 98\% correct classification rate (CCR) over the test set, being able to properly identify potato plant from previously mentioned five different weed varieties. Finally, the machine vision prototype was tested in field under real conditions and was able to properly detect, segment and classify weed from potato plant at a speed of up to 0.15 m/s.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03685},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020305302},
	author = {Sabzi, Sajad and Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh and J I Arribas}
}
@article {863,
	title = {A three-variety automatic and non-intrusive computer vision system for the estimation of orange fruit pH value},
	journal = {Measurement},
	volume = {152},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {107298},
	abstract = {An automatic 3-variety computer vision orange fruit pH value assessment system in the visible-range is presented, including each 100 different color images from Bam, Blood and Thomson orange of which the true pH has been measured and is known in advance. A total of 452 features are extracted from segmented orange color images. Results with repeated trials include: true versus estimated mean pH values, true minus estimated pH values boxplots, fitness regression dispersion plots and various error measure boxplots, for both single orange variety as well as the three-orange varieties altogether (test set), showing consistent results over all three orange varieties. Regression coefficient for pH estimation in Bam, Blood and Thomson orange varieties, were 0.950, 0.935 and 0.957, respectively. Results show that the hybrid ANN-ABC estimates pH values in orange quite similarly among orange varieties, implying that properly pH values estimation is possible for different orange varieties, regardless of orange type.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.107298},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263224119311625},
	author = {Sabzi, Sajad and Javadikia, Hossein and J I Arribas}
}
@conference {871,
	title = {Non-intrusive image processing Thompson orange grading methods},
	booktitle = {2017 56th FITCE Congress},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {A key issue in fruit export is classification and sorting for marketing. In this work image processing techniques are used to grad Thompson orange fruit. For this purpose, fourteen parameters were extracted, comprising area, eccentricity, perimeter, length/area, blue value, green value, red value, width, contrast, texture, width/area, width/length, roughness, and length. Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), linear, and nonlinear regression methods were used. Based on results, mean square error (MSB), sum squared error (SSE) and coefficient of determination (R 2 ) were 3.47e-08, 3.47e-07, 0.988 (ANFIS), 51.33, 4927.59, 0.866 (linear reg.) and 64.85, 6092.5, 0.832 (non-linear reg.), respectively. ANFIS model was shown as the best fit model based on previously listed performance evaluation criteria.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/FITCE.2017.8093004},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8093004},
	author = {Sabzi, Sajad and Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh and J I Arribas}
}
@article {873,
	title = {A blood orange computer vision sorting system},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {To have a proper sorting system with a low error rate can be very useful in automatic packaging of products. Furthermore, physical dimensions and shape are important in sorting and sizing of fruits and vegetables. In this paper Iranian orange (blood orange) are considered to present an automatic mass sorting system with low error rate using image processing coupled with an adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Linear regression analysis was used to compare results and an efficient algorithm was designed and implemented in MatLab. This algorithm is able to measure area, eccentricity, perimeter, length/area, red, green, and blue RGB components, width, contrast, texture, width/area, width/length, roughness and length. In ANFIS model, samples were divided into two sets: 70\% for training and 30\% for testing. Best ANFIS, linear and nonlinear regression models, yielded values of the coefficient of determination (R2), sum squared error (SSE), and mean squared error (MSE) of 0.989, 21.46, 1.65 (ANFIS), 0.91, 1156.69, 12.05 (linear) and 0.88, 1538.10, 15.86 (nonlinear), respectively. Based on results, ANFIS model showed clearly better capability for mass prediction compared to both linear and nonlinear regression. A prototype for an automatic non-intrusive orange mass sorting system is depicted to conclude.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2017.0167},
	url = {https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2017.0167},
	author = {Sabzi, Sajad and Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh and J I Arribas}
}
@conference {872,
	title = {A new method based on computer vision for non-intrusive orange peel sorting},
	booktitle = {2017 56th FITCE Congress},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {As it is well-known, orange peel is used for making jam and oil. For this purpose, orange samples with high peel thickness are best. In order to predict peel thickness in orange fruit, we present a system based in image features, comprising: area, eccentricity, perimeter, length/area, blue value, green value, red value, wide, contrast, texture, wide/area, wide/length, roughness, and length. A novel identification solution based on the hybrid of particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA) and artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) has been applied to reduce the number of dimensions, without much loss of information. Taguchi{\textquoteright}s robust optimization technique has been applied to determine the optimal setting for parameters of PSO, GA, and ANN. The optimal level of factors were: Number of Neuron in first layer=7, Number of Neuron in second layer=2, Maximum Iteration=400, Crossover probability=0.7, Mutation probability=0.1, and Swarm (Population) Size=200. Results for prediction of orange peel thickness based on levels that are achieved by Taguchi method were evaluated by five performance measures: the coefficient of determination (R 2 ), mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), sum square error (SSE), and root mean square error (RMSE), reaching values of 0.8571, 0.0123, 0.0924, 1.392, and 0.1109, respectively.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/FITCE.2017.8093001},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8093001},
	author = {Sabzi, Sajad and Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh and J I Arribas}
}
